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Off Grid System Independent from the Grid

In places where there is a need for electricity but there is no mains electricity, an off grid-battery system should be used as a solution.

There are 4 main equipment in off grid systems: solar panel, charge controller, inverter and battery group. Now let's examine these equipment:

1. Solar Panel

It is a device that converts the light coming from the sun directly into electric current. Solar panels do not have the ability to store the electricity they produce, so the energy produced must be stored in batteries.

2. Charge Controller

The charge controller is used to reduce the voltage obtained from the solar panel to the desired voltage value. It is divided into two groups:

• PWM Charge controller: Battery status and charging status can be monitored via LED or LCD screen.
• MPPT Charge controller: It works with the maximum power point monitoring technique. Allows the battery to be charged with the maximum available energy

3. Inverter

The battery is charged with direct current through the solar panel. It is a device that takes it from the batteries and converts it into alternating current. Off grid inverters are generally divided into two according to their wave output:

• Modified sine wave inverter: It imitates a full sine wave in the form of a stair-step by increasing the number of square waves. Television, lighting etc. They operate devices such as these without any problems.
• Full sine wave inverter: With this inverter, which produces full sine waves, it can be used without any problems in off grid applications of domestic devices such as refrigerators, washing machines, water pumps or industrial devices.

4. Battery group

An accumulator is a device that stores electrical energy chemically and converts the stored energy back into electrical energy when desired by connecting a receiver to its circuit. The most important factor that determines the efficiency and life of the battery is the number of cycles. The number of cycles is the feature that determines how many times the battery will be discharged and charged.

Batteries generally used in off grid systems are as follows:

• Dry batteries: These batteries, which are maintenance-free and sealed, do not contain electrolyte. Therefore, they can be easily used in any horizontal or vertical positioning.
• Gel battery: These batteries are fully sealed and maintenance-free, and their number of cycles is approximately 50% higher than dry type batteries.
• OPzS battery: OPzS battery should be used when high power is needed in small areas as an uninterrupted energy source.

As a result, the following points should be taken into account in the off grid system design: